Effective Java（第3版）（英文版）

1 Introduction 1

2 Creating and Destroying Objects 5

Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors 5

Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters 10

Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type 17

Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor 19

Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources 20

Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects 22

Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references 26

Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners 29

Item 9: Prefer try-with-resources to try-finally. 34

3 Methods Common to All Objects 37

Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals 37

Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals 50

Item 12: Always override toString 55

Item 13: Override clone judiciously 58

Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable 66

4 Classes and Interfaces 73

Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members 73

Item 16: In public classes, use accessor methods, not public fields 78

Item 17: Minimize mutability 80

Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance 87

Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it 93

Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes 99

Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity 104

Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types. 107

Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes 109

Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic 112

Item 25: Limit source files to a single top-level class 115

5 Generics. 117

Item 26: Don’t use raw types 117

Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings. 123

Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays 126

Item 29: Favor generic types. 130

Item 30: Favor generic methods 135

Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility 139

Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously. 146

Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers 151

6 Enums and Annotations 157

Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants. 157

Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals 168

Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields 169

Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing. 171

Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces 176

Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns 180

Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation. 188

Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types 191

7 Lambdas and Streams 193

Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes 193

Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas 197

Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces 199

Item 45: Use streams judiciously 203

Item 46: Prefer side-effect-free functions in streams 210

Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type. 216

Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel 222

8 Methods 227

Item 49: Check parameters for validity 227

Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed 231

Item 51: Design method signatures carefully 236

Item 52: Use overloading judiciously 238

Item 53: Use varargs judiciously 245

Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls 247

Item 55: Return optionals judiciously 249

Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements 254

9 General Programming 261

Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables 261

Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops 264

Item 59: Know and use the libraries 267

Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required 270

Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives 273

Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate 276

Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation 279

Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces 280

Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection 282

Item 66: Use native methods judiciously. 285

Item 67: Optimize judiciously 286

Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions 289

10 Exceptions 293

Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions 293

Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors 296

Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions 298

Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions. 300

Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction. 302

Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method. 304

Item 75: Include failure-capture information in detail messages. 306

Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity 308

Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions 310

11 Concurrency 311

Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data 311

Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization 317

Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads 323

Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify 325

Item 82: Document thread safety 330

Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously 333

Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler 336

12 Serialization 339

Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization 339

Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution 343

Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form 346

Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively 353

Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve 359

Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances 363

Items Corresponding to Second Edition 367

References. 371

Index 377

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